There are three ways to diagnosis type 1 DM. What are the established diagnostic criteria for type 1 DM? How can physicians distinguish between type 1 and type 2 DM? She has been experiencing polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss and fatigue from a result.ĥ. Also, according to her usual dietary intake, her CHO amounts are much higher than what her current diet order should be. Her medical history report showed that her blood glucose levels were high as well as her osmolality and BUN levels. Susan’s history showed that the grandmother on her mother’s side had diabetes. After examining Susan’s medical history, can you identify any risk factors for type 1 DM? In addition to type 1 DM, these people have thyroid disease, malfunctioning adrenal glands and other immune disorders (Joslin Diabetes Center).Ĥ. Lastly, about 1 in 7 people with type 1 have a condition known as type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. Also, if one of the parents developed type 1 DM before age 11, their child’s risk of developing type 1 DM is higher. Another factor is that if one child in a family has type 1 DM, their siblings have a 1 in 10 risk of developing it by age 50. When looking at family, if an immediate has type 1 DM, one’s risk of developing type 1 DM is 10 to 20 times the risk of the general population. High levels of the enzyme can predict whether a child has a higher risk of developing type 1 DM (American Diabetes Association, 2011). They also measure antibodies to insulin, to islet cells in the pancreas or to the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Then in the Japanese, they look at the HLA-DR9 gene. In the African American population, they look at the HLA-DR7 gene.
Learning how to predict how someone is susceptible to getting type 1 DM can include looking at the HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 genes in the white population. What genes have been identified that indicate susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus? There are too many factors that affect the etiology.ģ. Overall, there is an unsure cause to developing diabetes mellitus. These people do not produce insulin and are prone to ketoacidosis (483). People who get diabetes mellitus without a known cause are referred to as idiopathic diabetes. There is also a time lapse between exposure and the development of diabetes mellitus that also makes the etiology difficult to determine. There are genetic predispositions and unidentified environmental factors. Causes of the autoimmune destruction of beta cells are not fully determined, but there are different factors that affect it. People who get this can develop dependence on exogenous insulin. One of the first signs can be ketoacidosis or fasting hyperglycemia in the presence of an infection.
One or more auto antibodies are in 85-89% of individuals (482). Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a result from a cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. What are current opinions regarding the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM)? When the hormone is bound, it affects the cellular processes (Hollingsworth, 2000).Ģ. Liver cells contain insulin and glucagon receptors. The binding of insulin to the receptors leads to increased glucose uptake of the cell. The signal leads to a controlled enzyme reaction, which works with the metabolism. There are body carry receptors that attach to the hormones and give a signal to the cell. Insulin is a hormone that travels through the bloodstream. It promotes uptake, utilization, and the storage of nutrients (G-12). Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to regulate blood glucose. Describe its major function within normal metabolism. Understanding the Disease and Pathophysiologyġ.